One of the UK’s intelligence agencies, GCHQ, has warned that the UK faces a “moment of consequence” as hostile states ramp up cyber activity and advances in AI increase the scale and sophistication of digital threats.

Speaking at the agency’s inaugural Annual Lecture at Bletchley Park, GCHQ director Anne Keast-Butler said the country had entered a “new era of radical uncertainty, contested geopolitics and rapidly changing technology”.

Keast-Butler warned that Russia is scaling up its daily activity against the UK and Europe, adding that hostile actors are “relentlessly targeting critical infrastructure, democratic processes, supply chains and public trust.”

She said GCHQ and its partners were working to counter those threats by disrupting Russia’s efforts to smuggle Western tech, fending off cyber attacks, and countering reckless sabotage and assassination attempts.

The director also highlighted the growing strategic challenge posed by China’s technological capabilities, warning there is now a “narrowing window for the UK and allies to stay ahead”.

“China is now a science and tech superpower with sophisticated capabilities across their intelligence, cyber and military agencies,” she said.
Keast-Butler also warned that rapidly evolving AI systems are reshaping the threat landscape at pace.

“The ground beneath our feet is shifting,” she said, urging the technology industry and national security community to “anticipate and drive advancements, together, at the speed of the frontier”.

Keast-Butler called for stronger cyber resilience across both public and private sectors, urging organisations and individuals alike to take greater responsibility for security.

“At home that means taking important action now to switch passwords for passkeys, and for wider society, it means hardwiring security into new technologies, protecting supply chains and making cyber security ten times more urgent,” she said.

The event also marked the 80th anniversary of the UKUSA intelligence agreement, the long-standing intelligence-sharing partnership between the UK and the US.

Referencing the history of GCHQ and its wartime roots at Bletchley Park, Keast-Butler said the organisation had always relied on “foresight, practicality [...] and partnerships” to respond to evolving threats.

“When humanity is facing the worst, we are at our best,” she added.

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